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    Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

    Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

    Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

    Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

    PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

    PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

    Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

    Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

    Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

    Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

    The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

    The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

    Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

    Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

    I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

    I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

    Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

    Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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      Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

      Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

      Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

      Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

      PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

      PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

      Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

      Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

      Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

      Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

      The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

      The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

      Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

      Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

      I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

      I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

      Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

      Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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        Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

        Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

        Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

        Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

        PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

        PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

        Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

        Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

        Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

        Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

        The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

        The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

        Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

        Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

        I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

        I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

        Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

        Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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          Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

          Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

          Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

          Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

          PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

          PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

          Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

          Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

          Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

          Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

          The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

          The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

          Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

          Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

          I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

          I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

          Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

          Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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            Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

            Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

            Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

            Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

            PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

            PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

            Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

            Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

            Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

            Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

            The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

            The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

            Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

            Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

            I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

            I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

            Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

            Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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              Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

              Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

              Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

              Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

              PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

              PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

              Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

              Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

              Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

              Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

              The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

              The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

              Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

              Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

              I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

              I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

              Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

              Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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                Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

                Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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                  Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                  Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                  Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                  Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                  PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                  PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                  Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                  Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                  Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                  Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                  The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                  The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                  Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                  Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                  I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                  I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                  Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

                  Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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                    Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                    Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                    Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                    Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                    PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                    PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                    Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                    Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                    Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                    Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                    The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                    The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                    Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                    Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                    I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                    I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                    Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

                    Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

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                      Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                      Suspended the work of the largest fertilizer plant in Romania

                      Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                      Potato moth is approaching the gardens of Volgograd residents

                      PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                      PROVIDE YOURSELF AND THE FARMS OF THE SFO WITH AN ELITE POTATO SEED FUND

                      Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                      Days of the Lipetsk field will be held in the region on July 7-8

                      Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                      Cling film with a secret ingredient will keep perishable foods much longer

                      The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                      The expert told how to provide the Kirov region with its potatoes, beets and corn

                      Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                      Malaysian farmers start using Mineral’s new robots

                      I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                      I never expected onions to become the main part of my business

                      Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

                      Irish retail and processing trade unchanged with good demand for processing material

                      Trending Tags

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                          • Products of processing of potatoes
                          • Processing
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                      Univercity of Florida:
                      How to fertigate plants
                      via center pivots
                      for commercial potato
                      (research 2020)

                      January 8, 2022
                      in AGRONOMIC ARCHIVE, Irrigation technology
                      Reading Time: 8 mins read
                      A A
                      center pivot fertigation potato
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                      Potato is an important crop in the United States, with a value of $4.02 billion (USDA-NASS 2018). Florida produces one-third of the winter/spring crop in the nation and is ranked the 7th producer nationwide for potato production (USDA-NASS 2018).

                      In Florida, potatoes are mainly planted on sandy soils with low nutrient- and water-holding capacities. Among all the nutrients essential for crop growth and development, nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in Florida’s sandy soils (Liu et al. 2016). Adopting efficient fertilization methods such as fertigation is imperative for minimizing leaching and improving nitrogen use efficiency. The objective of this article is to provide step-by-step guidelines for fertigation practices for commercial potato production.

                      10000L
                      WHY USE FERTIGATION?

                      Fertigation is a fertilizer application method that operates by injecting liquid fertilizers into an irrigation system; in other words, fertilizers are applied through the irrigation water. Fertigation has been commonly used for vegetable crops such as tomato and strawberry in Florida but has not been adopted for the potato industry. Compared with conventional fertilization methods, fertigation has the following advantages: 1) efficient delivery of nutrients; 2) precise localized application; 3) easy control of application rate and timing; 4) greater fertilizer-use efficiency; and 5) lower application cost (Liu et al. 2016).

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                      Figure 2. A fertigation-injector injects a liquid fertilizer into the irrigation water through the head of a center-pivot irrigation system.
                      Credit: Xiangju Fu of Florida
                      WHAT IS NEEDED FOR A FERTIGATION SYSTEM?

                      For commercial potato production, an overhead irrigation system provides growers with optimal flexibility and is best suited for fertigation (Figure 1). Both center-pivot and linear-pivot irrigation systems are suitable. An injector is employed for fertigation (Figure 2). The injector is connected to the center-pivot system and allows injection of liquid fertilizers (such as 32-0-0 or 8-0-8) into the irrigation water.

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                      WHEN SHOULD FERTIGATION START?

                      Traditional fertilization practice for Florida’s potato production is generally split into three stages: preplant, emergence, and tuber initiation. Dry granular fertilization can be used for the first two stages. Fertigation requires liquid fertilizers and should be started before the tuber initiation stage.

                      HOW ARE FERTIGATION EVENTS SCHEDULED?

                      For chipping potato (e.g., ‘Atlantic’) and tablestock potato (e.g., ‘Red LaSoda’) with a 95-to-100-day life span, fertigation can be started 40 to 45 days after planting in five events with a 3- or 5-day interval between each fertigation event. In areas of the state where the end of growing season coincides with the rainy season, fertigation should start no later than 45 days after planting. Otherwise, when the wet season begins, frequent rains will prevent growers from running the irrigation system, interfering with fertigation.

                      WHAT IS THE FERTIGATION RATE?

                      In Florida, 25% to 35% each of the total nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) can be applied in five fertigation events through the irrigation system. Fertigation rates can be divided evenly at 10 to 12 lb/acre per event using liquid fertilizers such as 8-0-8. The rest of the N and K should be applied preplant (20% to 25%) and at emergence (40% to 55%), usually in the form of dry granular fertilizers.

                      WHAT IS THE FERTILIZER SOURCE?

                      Fertilizers used for fertigation can be either liquid fertilizers or fertilizer solutions made from soluble fertilizers. Nitrate nitrogen is subject to leaching. Potassium is mobile in soil and can be leached as well. Both N and K can be applied through fertigation. For example, liquid fertilizer formulations such as 8-0-8 for N and K or 32-0-0 for N can be used.

                      WHAT IS THE INJECTION RATE?

                      Pumps ranging from 0.7 to 227 gallon per hour (GPH) capacity are available for liquid fertilizer injection in the United States. In Manatee County, Florida, an injector of 55 GPH, adjustable from 5.5 to 55 GPH, was used for center pivots with an acreage that ranged from 40 to 140 acres.

                      HOW IS THE FERTILIZER CONCENTRATION IN THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM CALCULATED?

                      The first step is to obtain basic information about the system, such as the fertilizer injector rates, N fertilizer composition, irrigation rate, and field information. As an example, the following is information for a sample field:

                      • Center pivot size: 40 acres
                      • Irrigation rate: 600 gal/min
                      • Center pivot running speed: 6 or more hours/circle
                      • Fertigation N rate: 10 lb/acre/event
                      • Maximum injection rate of the injector: 55 (range from 5.5 to 55) GPH

                      When 8-0-8 (made from 296 lb of UAN-32, 182 lb of calcium nitrate, 360 lb of potassium nitrate, and 1162 lb of water) with 23.68 lb of ammonium (NH4+) N and 89.38 lb of nitrate (NO3–) N, and 47.36 lb urea (CN2H2O) N and 165.6 lb of potassium oxide (K2O) is used:

                      • Liquid N fertilizer source: 8-0-8
                      • Density of liquid N fertilizer: 10.09 lb/gallon at 68°F
                      • N content per gallon of 8-0-8: 0.807 lb.

                      The second step is to determine the total liquid fertilizer N needed. This is calculated by knowing the density of the liquid N fertilizer needed per acre and the size of the field.

                      • Total liquid fertilizer N needed: 10 lb/acre × 40 acre = 400 lbs.
                      • N delivered in fertigation per hour at the maximum injection rate: 55 GPH × 0.807 lb/gal = 44.385 lb/hr.
                      • Time of fertigation to deliver the N fertilizer: to ensure uniform application of fertilizer, 9 hours are needed to run the center pivot for a full cycle: 400 lb ÷ 44.385 = 9.0 hrs. This means the time of fertigation can be adjusted based on injection rate and N concentration of liquid fertilizer used. Examples of calculation can be found with different injection rates and N concentrations in Tables 1, 2, and 3 for 40, 80, and 120 acres with an N fertigation rate of 10 lb/acre.
                      • Total water volume (gal): 600 gal/min × 9 hrs × 60 min/hr = 324,000 gal
                      • N concentration (oz/gal) in fertigation: 400 lb ÷ 324,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.02
                      • Conversion factor: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
                      • N concentration (PPM) in fertigation: 0.02 × 6,236 = 123 ppm

                      When UAN-32 (32-0-0 made from 50% each of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea) is used as the fertilizer source containing 25% each of NH4+-N and NO3–-N and 50% urea N:

                      • Liquid N fertilizer source: 32-0-0
                      • Density of liquid N fertilizer: 11.08 lb/gallon at 68°F
                      • N content per gallon of 32-0-0 (UAN-32): 3.55 lb
                      • Pounds of liquid fertilizer N needed: 10 lb/acre × 40 acres = 400 lb
                      • Gallons of liquid fertilizer N needed: 400 lb ÷ 3.55 lb/gal = 113 gal
                      • Injection rate: 113 gal ÷ 6 hours = 19 GPH
                      • Total water volume: 600 gal/min × 6 hrs × 60 min/hr = 216,000 gal

                      With this lower injection rate, irrigation and fertilization application can be synchronized via fertigation: 400 lb of N and 216,000 gallons of irrigation water can both be delivered in 6 hours. The N concentration in fertigation:

                      • N concentration (oz/gal) in fertigation: 400 lb ÷ 216,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.03oz/gal
                      • Conversion factor: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
                      • N concentration (PPM) in fertigation: 0.03 × 6,236 = 185

                      The alternative method to apply UAN-32 is to dilute the liquid fertilizer, 32-0-0. When a liquid fertilizer contains more than 1 lb/gallon for 40 acres or less and 3 lb/gallon for 100 acres or more.

                      • Dilution factor: N concentration of a liquid fertilizer (e.g., 11.08 lb/gal of UAN-32) ÷ actual concentration after dilution (e.g., 1 or 3 lb/gal). See Table 4 for examples of dilution. After dilution, liquid fertilizers have a lower nutrient concentration. The actual nutrient concentration after dilution is determined by the liquid fertilizer and dilution factor. Table 5 lists the actual N concentration after dilution.

                      SUMMARY

                      Fertigation is an effective field practice for nutrient management for potato production with overhead irrigation. The goal of fertigation is to help growers of Florida provide nutrients to plants at the right time and implement BMPs that reduce nutrient leaching and maximize potato production. Multi-year field trials show that fertigation can increase potato tuber yield by 20% or use 30% less fertilizer. Fertigation helps reduce field trips for fertilization and minimizes water pollution from nutrient leaching.

                      REFERENCES AND FURTHER INFORMATION

                      • Liu, G. D., E. H. Simonne, K. T. Morgan, and G. J. Hochmuth. 2018. Soil and Fertilizer Management for Vegetable Production in Florida. HS711. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Accessed September 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv101
                      • Liu, G. D., J. Williamson, G. England, and A. Whidden. How to Calculate Fertigation Injection Rates for Commercial Blueberry Production. HS1197. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Accessed September 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1197
                      • Zotarelli, L., P. J. Dittmar, P. D. Roberts, J. Desaeger, J. W. Noling, and B. Wells. 2019. Potato Production. Vegetable Production Handbook of Florida, 2019–2020. HS733. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Accessed September 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv131
                      FOOTNOTES
                      • 1. This document is HS1361, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Univercity of Florida Extension. Original publication date March 2020. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
                      • 2. Xiangju Fu, graduate student, Guodong Liu, associate professor, Lincoln Zotarelli, assistant professor, and Steven Sargent, professor, Horticultural Sciences Department; Kati Migliaccio, professor and chair, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; and Yuncong Li, professor, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Univercity of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031.
                      • The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Univercity of Florida does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer’s label.
                      Univercity of Florida
                      Univercity of Florida

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